Oncogenic BRAF-induced thyroid cancers are ideally suited for studying the biology of TAMs in cancer progression because 1) human thyroid cancer progression to PDTCs and ATCs is accompanied by an increased infiltration of TAMs which comprise nearly ∼50% of the tumor volume in ATCs [4], [19]; 2) BRAF promotes progression of human WDPTCs to PDTCs and ATCs [16] and 3) activation of the BRAF-MAPK pathway in vitro in thyroid cells induces the expression of TAM chemoattractants [30]. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is thyroid cancer.