Recent work in mice demonstrated that functional MDSCs can be generated in vitro from mouse embryonic stem cells and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in two subpopulations - CD115+Ly-6C+ (equivalent to the monocytic Gr-1+CD115+F4/80+ MDSCs found in tumor-bearing mice) and CD115+Ly-6C- cells (resembling the granulocyte/macrophage progenitors) [37,39-41]. The gene discussed is CSF1R; the disease is neoplasm.