VIPR1 and cancer: Furthermore, the overexpressed VPAC1 receptors play a major role in the progression of a number of malignancies, including cancers of the lung, brain, gut, and prostate in addition to neuroblastomas [13], [14], and they mediate tumor angiogenesis through the transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [15], [16].