Of note for the commonly secreted factors, activin-A, angiogenin, FGF7, HB-EGF, IGFBP-1, -2 and -3, pentraxin-3, PIGF, serpin-E1, TIMP-1 and VEGF were detected at significantly higher levels in BMSC-CM than in both SS-AF-MSC-CM and hDF-CM (p<0.05 for all; Figure 4, 5 and Table S1). Here, VEGFA is linked to atrial fibrillation.