In the absence of priming with LPS, caspase-1 activation is readily induced during the early stage of infection with an h1 region deletion mutant in BMMs, suggesting that VopQ and VopS are capable of partially suppressing caspase-1 activation in wild-type bacterial infections leading to both NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. Here, NLRP3 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.