TLR2 and cardiac hypertrophy: In the chronic settings, the benefits of anti-apoptotic effects attributed to purified cruzipain (Aoki Mdel et al., 2006) and BK2R signaling (Chao et al., 2008) may be offset by the up-regulation of BK1R, a pathway that may synergize with TLR2 and ETAR, hence fueling inflammatory edema (Figure 2) and cardiac hypertrophy in chronically infected patients.