These results are similar to previous results reported for, for example, renal cancer cells that lack the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein; in these cells, it was shown that siRNA-mediated inhibition of the HEF1-AURA pathway caused a significant increase in the frequency of ciliated cells, whereas over expression of AURA or HEF1 in control renal cells promoted cilia loss [83]. This evidence concerns the gene NEDD9 and renal carcinoma.