LCN2 and heart failure: [1], [2] It has also become known to be produced by renal tubular cells in response to different types of injury. [3] Based on experimental and clinical findings, Ngal is widely considered as an excellent indicator of acute and chronic kidney injury.[3]–[7] Moreover, because this protein is also released by endothelial cells and failing myocardium, a close relationship between blood Ngal levels and heart failure or cardiovascular diseases has been suggested.[8]–[10].