In the absence of IL-1β total adipose tissue leukocyte and macrophage counts were lower under HFF, and obesity-associated increase in expression of M1 (classically-activated) macrophage markers seemed less pronounced (ccl2, cxcl10, cxcl13) or completely absent (ccl8). The gene discussed is CCL8; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.