FBXO32 and heart failure: Although it is well known that upstream proteins including Foxo1/3a that activate atrogin-1 transcription and enhance its activity for protein degradation are required for heart failure [15], [20], [21], little is known about how atrogin-1 contributes cardiomyocyte apoptosis, proliferation and hypertrophy through regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level.