IRAK1 and Alzheimer disease: Consistent with these results, miR-146a was observed to be up-regulated in AD neocortices, and in IL-1β and Aβ42 stressed human astroglial cells; in the astroglial model miR-146a down-regulates the Toll-like receptor signaling molecule IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) in tandem with IRAK2 up-regulation by NF-κB to promote the innate immune and inflammatory responses (Cui et al., 2010).