CDKN1A and breast cancer: PKCθ has been implicated as a positive regulator of proliferation in a number of cell types including gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells and breast cancer cells, where it represses expression of p21Cip1 and/or p27Kip1 (Belguise and Sonenshein, 2007; Ou et al., 2008), and in capillary endothelial cells, where it promotes G2/M progression (Tang et al., 1997).