As shown in Table 5, all pre-operative biomarker levels were found to be statistically similar between AKI and non-AKI groups, but post-operative urine NGAL, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in the AKI group were all found to be higher (with statistical significance) when compared to the non-AKI group. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is acute kidney injury.