Evidence for alterations in TNF-mediated apoptosis pathways in PCa was also provided by another study where immunostaining for TRAF-2, ASK-1, MEK-4 and JNK (involved in proapoptotic pathway) was intense on biopsies from normal prostates, weaker in BHP but absent in PCas, which may in part account for resistance to TNF-mediated death by in PCa [6]. This evidence concerns the gene MAP2K4 and posterior cortical atrophy.