TNF and metastatic neoplasm: Serum TNF levels have been shown to be reflective of tumour load in PCa patients being low in healthy men (mean 1.1 ± 0.5 pg/mL), higher in patients with bulky locally-advanced PCa (3.9 ± 3.4 pg/mL), and highest in those with metastatic disease (lymph node and bone involvement) (6.3 ± 3.6 pg/mL) [9].