Besides the role described for IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and GM-CSF in patients with pH1N1 severe infections, the chemokine RANTES, a natural agonist of CCR5 seems to control the production of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and IFNs in influenza virus-infected cultured alveolar epithelial cells [51]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and infection.