• ROS, leptin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) have all been associated with an increased risk for diabetes, while adiponectin has been associated with a decreased risk.51,74–77 Compared to Caucasians, South Asians have exhibited elevated levels of leptin and CRP and decreased levels of adiponectin.75–78 However, to our knowledge, there have been no studies assessing levels of oxidative stress in South Asians. Here, ADIPOQ is linked to diabetes mellitus.