ADIPOQ and Insulin resistance: HARS occurs in about 50% of HIV patients, who usually also display dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.119 In lipoatrophic subcutaneous adipose tissue, decreased adipocyte size and apoptosis are observed, which is accompanied by reduced expression levels of adipogenic genes such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1, suggesting selectively impaired adipogenesis.120–122 Expression levels of leptin and adiponectin are also reduced, which may contribute to associated insulin resistance.