Several lines of evidence suggest that one of the potential physiologically functions of AGP is to bind LPS and exert immune-modulatory and/or transporter functions in relation to LPS during the acute-phase inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacterial infection: (1) AGP was demonstrated to bind directly with E. coli O111:B4 LPS using dynamic light scattering particle sizing, particle mobility and flow microcalorimetry techniques [39]. Here, ATP5MK is linked to gram-negative bacterial infections.