DKK1 and aortic stenosis: Our data showed that (1) serum levels of Wnt modulators were markedly elevated in patients with symptomatic AS, (2) all Wnt modulators were present in calcified aortic valves but correlated poorly with systemic levels or degree of AS, (3) some of these modulators (ie, WIF-1) were associated with the degree of myocardial function and valvular calcification, (4) Wnt modulators, and DKK-1 in particular, predicted long-term mortality in AS patients.