Consistent with our findings, previous studies have revealedthat TLR2 or TLR4 deficiency and antibodies targeting IL-1 signaling alleviatedcardiac remodeling.39–42 Notably, treatment of rats even 24hours after MI with an IL-1 receptor blocker alleviated LV remodeling withoutaffecting early infarct size.39These findings suggested that the cardioprotective effect of an IL-1 receptorblocker is at least in part mediated by inhibiting the IL-23/IL-17 axis inpost-MI heart. Here, TLR4 is linked to myocardial infarction.