Moreover, anti-PC IgM antibody titers have been shown to be inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease risk in lupus patients (Anania et al., 2010; Gronwall et al., 2012) as well as with an increased incidence of strokes (Fiskesund et al., 2010) and heart attacks (Gronlund et al., 2009). Here, CD40LG is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.