INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The activity of both IκB-kinase β (IKKβ) and JNK is elevated in metabolic tissues in obesity, and these kinases are important nodes in the production of inflammatory mediators and in the desensitization of insulin signaling (Tanti and Jager, 2009; Solinas and Karin, 2010; Donath and Shoelson, 2011).