Since multiple E3 ligases have been proposed to conjugate ubiquitin onto TBK1 during virus infection including TRAF3, Mind bomb and Nrdp1 [20]–[22], it is possible that RNF11 (and the A20 complex) also blocks TBK1/IKKi interactions with Mind bomb and Nrdp1. Here, RNF41 is linked to viral infectious disease.