INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Other than insulin signaling and type II diabetes mellitus pathway that relates to both insulin secretion and insulin signaling, the other pathways such as ErbB, adipocytokine, Jak-STAT, chemokine, TGF-beta, Wnt, VEGF, Notch, MAPK, T cell receptor, B cell receptor, Toll-like receptor, p53 and mTOR signaling, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton have all been implicated in T2D [31]–[49].