CHRNA5 and nicotine dependence: CHRNA5 rs16969968 has been previously observed to be involved in phenotype and in gene x environment interaction: it has been reported to interact with age at onset of smoking [71], [72], peer smoking [73] and parent monitoring [74] in the development of ND, as well as relapse likelihood and withdrawal severity [72], cognitive function [75] and BMI [76] in nicotine dependence.