1,25(OH)2D exerts anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells by promoting cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor synthesis, and by influencing several growth factors and their signaling pathways including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), Wnt/β-catenin, MAP kinase 5 (MAPK5) and nuclear factor κB (NF-kB) [142] (Figure 5). The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is cancer.