TNF and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Proinflammatory mediators in AP include various cytokines (e.g., tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-18), chemokines (e.g., IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and growth-related oncogene-α), adhesion molecules, platelet-activating factor, and reactive-oxygen and reactive-nitrogen species [45–49].