SPHK1 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Li et al. recently investigated the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)/sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in immune-effector cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, of 22 patients with severe AP in an effort to identify the role for SphK1/S1P in modulating the inflammatory response [81].