Thus, obesity-induced diminution in both liver PPAR-α expression and PPAR-α activation related to LCPUFA n-3 depletion may be considered as a proinflammatory mechanism [70], due to the reduced antagonizing action of PPAR-α downregulation on NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Here, FOS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.