In addition, unlike active TGF-β1 which mediates progressive renal fibrosis [43], mice overexpressing latent TGF-β1 are protected against progressive renal inflammation and fibrosis in obstructive and immunologically-induced crescentic glomerulonephritis via the Smad7-dependent mechanism [35], [44], [45]. The gene discussed is SMAD7; the disease is renal fibrosis.