The correlations between CD4+ T cell responses and clinical outcomes are not consistent in the literature, and this may reflect the different clinical settings (ranging from challenge studies in malaria-naïve adults [4] to Phase II field studies in African children [7]) and/or the different methods used to measure vaccine induced T cell cytokine responses (including from ex vivo or cultured ELISpots [13] and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) performed on isolated PBMC [4] or ICS on whole blood assays [7], [14], [15]). Here, CD4 is linked to malaria.