ICAM1 and infection: To dissect the APC subsets associated with malaria infection specific surface markers including HLA-DR (indicative of an active infection), CD11c (myeloid marker found on DCs), CD54 (also known as ICAM-1) (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, is important for lymphocyte-APC binding and has been shown to be upregulated on APC during malaria infection) and CD36 (involved in phagocytosis of malaria infected red blood cells) were examined [17-21].