As highly elevated CSF CXCL13 concentrations has been reported in cryptococcosis and moderately elevated concentrations has been seen in African trypanosomiasis, the high concentrations reported here in asymptomatic HIV infection adds to the growing evidence that elevated CSF CXCL13 concentrations can not be regarded as specific for spirochetal CNS infections [10,20]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL13 and human African trypanosomiasis.