NDEL1 and lissencephaly spectrum disorders: Ndel1 binds to Lis1, a causative gene product for lissencephaly (Reiner et al. 1993), and Ndel1 and Lis1 cooperatively control cytoplasmic dynein functions (Niethammer et al. 2000; Sasaki et al. 2000; Yamada et al. 2008).