NFKB1 and cancer: Increasing evidence has shown that COX-independent pathways are involved in the mechanism of action of NSAIDs, especially in cancer prevention via inhibition of cell cycle progression (35–38), induction of apoptosis (39,40), anti-angiogenesis (41,42), the mTOR signaling pathway (43), direct gene alteration (44), oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (45,46), the induction of nitro oxide radicals (47), and the NF-κB signaling pathway (26,48).