ES-62 treatment alone had little effect on cytokine production in DLN cells (Fig. 2B–F), however, and consistent with OVA-induced inflammation reflecting a Th2 phenotype, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-10 production was detected in cells from mice undergoing OVA-induced airway inflammation and this was found to be reduced in cells from such mice exposed to ES-62 in vivo (Fig. 2B–E). Here, IL4 is linked to inflammation.