DPP4 and myocardial infarction: Zaruba et al.[61] found that, in mice in which myocardial infarction was induced via surgical ligation of the left anterior descending artery, coadministration of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (GCSF; to stimulate stem cell mobilisation) with a DPP-4 inhibitor resulted in increased myocardial homing of circulating CXCR-4+ stem cells, reduced cardiac remodeling, and improved heart function and survival.