NFKB1 and osteoporosis: In fact, experimental evidence shows that smokers have increased risk of fractures [18], [19], that osteoporosis patients have lower concentrations of serum vitamin C and vitamin E and exhibit elevated serum oxidative stress marker levels [16], [17], [19], [20], and that NF-κB proteins that play an important role in bone resorption become activated when exposed to oxidative stress [34], [35], [36], [37].