AGT and congestive heart failure: We found that the activation of AT1 receptors by Ang II in the PVN augments the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic outflow in both chronic heart failure (CHF) rats [29], [30] and renovascular hypertensive rats [6], suggesting that the activity of Ang II and AT1 receptors in PVN is involved in modulating the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic outflow in these cardiovascular diseases.