We found that the activation of AT1 receptors by Ang II in the PVN augments the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic outflow in both chronic heart failure (CHF) rats [29], [30] and renovascular hypertensive rats [6], suggesting that the activity of Ang II and AT1 receptors in PVN is involved in modulating the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic outflow in these cardiovascular diseases. Here, AGTR1 is linked to congestive heart failure.