TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with several genomic alterations and aberrant activation of several signaling cascades including Wnt, Hedgehog, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular epidermal growth factor receptor (VEGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AKT [8].In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of Sal on HCC cells and its underlying mechanisms of action.