When addressing the NAP effect of neurotrophism/neuroprotection, a previous study associated mutations in human β3-tubulin in perturbation of MT dynamics (increases in de-tyrosinated tubulin), kinesin interactions, and axon guidance [76], which are linked to a spectrum of human nervous system disorders that are now called the TUBB3 syndromes. The gene discussed is TUBB3; the disease is Down syndrome.