LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Very recently, a number of studies have indicated that serum and urine NGAL are sensitive and specific biomarkers for the prediction of AKI [9-11] as well as the development of AKI among human patients after an operation, such as cardiac surgery [12-15], non-cardiac surgery [16], renal transplantation [17,18], and among trauma patients [19], as well as when there is IgA nephropathy [20].