Yet, the effects of experimental neutropenia in rodent stroke models range from decreased infarct volume [12, 62, 75] to little or no influence on lesion size [11, 44, 45], and PMN mobilization from the bone marrow induced by granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) does not worsen clinical outcome in murine stroke models [83] or in a recent clinical phase II trial (AXIS) [76]. Here, CSF3 is linked to stroke disorder.