TNF and neoplasm: CTLs contribute to the control and eventual elimination of a myriad of pathogen (intracellular bacteria and viruses) and tumor challenges via the coordinated interplay of varied effector mechanisms that include; (1) the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (La Gruta et al., 2004); and (2) the expression of cytolytic effector molecules including perforin (Pfp; Kagi et al., 1994) and the granule enzymes (granzymes, Gzm) A, B, and K (Jenkins et al., 2007; Peixoto et al., 2007; Moffat et al., 2009).