By 6 hr post infection, both Ku80 and DNA-PKcs had accumulated in these viral factories (Figure 6A) together with the IRF-3-activating kinase TBK1 (Figure 6B, left panel), consistent with its role in this sensing pathway, although IRF-3 was mostly nuclear, reflecting its activation by virus infection (Figure 6B, right panel). Here, IRF3 is linked to viral infectious disease.