In agreement with the apoptotic data (which suggested that the TMCG/DIPY combination induced severe DNA damage in breast cancer cells), TMCG/DIPY-promoted demethylation of E2F1 was also accompanied by E2F1 acetylation and phosphorylation (at both Ser31 and Ser364) as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Fig. 4B and Table 1). Here, E2F1 is linked to breast carcinoma.