It is well known that TGF-β/Activin/Nodal signaling is transduced by SMAD2 and SMAD3, and increased TGF-β1 level can revert a malignant phenotype to a less aggressive phenotype in rat bladder carcinoma cell line lacking TGF-β1 [27]. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.