A 10-fold higher VL was associated with 21% higher suPAR levels (p<0.001) in cART-treated patients, but not in untreated patients (estimate = 2%, p = 0.68), when adjusted for sex, age, European descent, duration of HIV-infection, nadir CD4+ cell counts, and CD4+ cell counts, see Figure 2 and Table 2. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.