MIF and infection: Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate MIF in macrophages or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), in response to early phase injury following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce infection conditions or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to induce trauma-like conditions, either in the presence or absence of HTS.