INS and Insulin resistance: Further work, including examination of insulin signaling at different stages of life history will be needed to reconcile these findings but possible explanations include the well-documented opposite effects of GH and IGF-I on insulin signaling, as well as a possibility that insulin resistance may mimic some of the effects of hypoinsulinemia by protecting the cells from excessive insulin stimulation (Taguchi et al., 2007; Selman et al., 2009).