LTF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Both the iron-chelator lactoferrin and the serine protease cathepsin G have been objectively identified in PMA-induced NETs (Urban et al., 2009), and both appear to function as autoantigens in SLE (Lee et al., 1992; Galeazzi et al., 1998; Zhao et al., 1998; Manolova et al., 2001; Caccavo et al., 2005); although, again, no clear clinical correlation has emerged.